Polthiophenes and devices thereof

ABSTRACT

Polythiophenes of the formula  
                 
 
     wherein R is a side chain; m is the number of substituents; A is a divalent linkage; x, y and z represent, respectively, the numbers of R substituted thienylene, unsubstituted thienylene, and divalent linkages A in the monomer segment with z being either 0 or 1; and n represents the number of the repeating monomer segments in the polymer chain or the degree of polymerization.

COPENDING APPLICATIONS

[0001] Illustrated in copending applications U.S. Ser. No. (______—D/A1333), U.S. Ser. No. (______—D/A1334), U.S. Ser. No. (______—D/A1332), U.S. Ser. No. (______—D/A1657), U.S. Ser. No. (______—D/A1658), the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, and filed concurrently herewith, are polythiophenes and devices thereof. The appropriate components, processes thereof and uses thereof illustrated in these copending applications may be selected for the present invention in embodiments thereof.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention is generally directed to polythiophenes and uses thereof. More specifically, the present invention in embodiments is directed to a class of polythiophenes wherein certain repeating thienylene units possess side chains, such as alkyl, which are arranged in a regioregular manner on the polythiophene backbone, and which polythiophenes are, for example, useful as active semiconductive materials for thin film field-effect transistors (FETs).

[0003] Semiconductive polymers like certain polythiophenes, which are useful as active semiconductor materials in thin film transistors (TFTs), have been reported. A number of these polymers have some solubility in organic solvents and are thus able to be fabricated as semiconductor channel layers in TFTs by solution processes, such as spin coating, solution casting, dip coating, screen printing, stamp printing, jet printing and the like. Their ability to be fabricated via common solution processes would render their manufacturing simpler and cost effective as compared to the costly conventional photolithographic processes typical of silicon-based devices such as hydrogenated amorphous silicon TFTs. Moreover, desired are transistors fabricated with polymer materials, such as polythiophenes, referred to as polymer TFTs, with excellent mechanical durability and structural flexibility, which may be highly desirable for fabricating flexible TFTs on plastic substrates. Flexible TFTs would enable the design of electronic devices which usually require structural flexibility and mechanical durability characteristics. The use of plastic substrates together with organic or polymer transistor components can transform the traditionally rigid silicon TFT into a mechanically more durable and structurally flexible polymer TFT design. The latter is of particular value to large area devices such as large-area image sensors, electronic paper and other display media. Also, the selection of polymer TFTs for integrated circuit logic elements for low end microelectronics, such as smart cards, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, and memory/storage devices, may also greatly enhance their mechanical durability, and thus their useful life span. Nonetheless, many of the semiconductor polythiophenes are not, it is believed, stable when exposed to air as they become oxidatively doped by ambient oxygen, resulting in increased conductivity. The result is larger off-current and thus lower current on/off ratio for the devices fabricated from these materials. Accordingly, with many of these materials, rigorous precautions have to be undertaken during materials processing and device fabrication to exclude environmental oxygen to avoid or minimize oxidative doping. These precautionary measures add to the cost of manufacturing therefore offsetting the appeal of certain polymer TFTs as an economical alternative to amorphous silicon technology, particularly for large area devices. These and other disadvantages are avoided or minimized in embodiments of the present invention.

REFERENCES

[0004] A number of organic semiconductor materials has been described for use in field-effect TFTs, which materials include organic small molecules such as pentacene, see for example D. J. Gundlach et al., “Pentacene organic thin film transistors—molecular ordering and mobility”, IEEE Electron Device Lett., Vol. 18, p. 87 (1997), to oligomers such as sexithiophenes or their variants, see for example reference F. Gamier et al., “Molecular engineering of organic semiconductors: Design of self-assembly properties in conjugated thiophene oligomers”, Amer. Chem. Soc., Vol. 115, p. 8716 (1993), and certain polythiophenes, such as poly(3-alkylthiophene), see for example reference Z. Bao et al., “Soluble and processable regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) for field-effect thin film transistor application with high mobility”, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 69, p4108 (1996). Although organic material based TFTs generally provide lower performance characteristics than their conventional silicon counterparts, such as silicon crystal or polysilicon TFTs, they are nonetheless sufficiently useful for applications in areas where high mobility is not required. These include large area devices, such as image sensors, active matrix liquid crystal displays and low end microelectronics such as smart cards and RFID tags. TFTs fabricated from organic or polymer materials may be functionally and structurally more desirable than conventional silicon technology in the aforementioned areas in that they may offer mechanical durability, structural flexibility, and the potential of being able to be incorporated directly onto the active media of the devices, thus enhancing device compactness for transportability. However, most small molecule or oligomer-based devices rely on difficult vacuum deposition techniques for fabrication. Vacuum deposition is selected primarily because the small molecular materials are either insoluble or their solution processing by spin coating, solution casting, or stamp printing do not generally provide uniform thin films. In addition, vacuum deposition may also involve the difficulty of achieving consistent thin film quality for large area format. Polymer TFTs, such as those fabricated from regioregular polythiophenes of, for example, regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl) by solution processes, while offering reasonably good mobility, suffer from their propensity towards oxidative doping in air. For practical low cost TFT design, it is therefore of value to have a semiconductor material that is both stable and solution processable, and where its performance is not adversely affected by ambient oxygen, for example, regioregular polythiophenes such as poly(3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl) are very sensitive to air. The TFTs fabricated from these materials in ambient conditions generally exhibit very large off-current, very low current on/off ratios, and their performance characteristics degrade rapidly.

[0005] References that may be of interest include U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,150,191; 6,107,117; 5,969,376; 5,619,357, and 5,777,070.

FIGURES

[0006] Illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4 are various representative embodiments of the present invention and wherein polythiophenes are selected as the channel materials in thin film transistor (TFT) configurations.

SUMMARY AND EMBODIMENTS

[0007] It is a feature of the present invention to provide semiconductor polymers such as polythiophenes, which are useful for microelectronic device applications, such as TFT devices.

[0008] It is another feature of the present invention to provide polythiophenes with a band gap of from about 1.5 eV to about 3 eV as determined from the absorption spectra of thin films thereof, and which polythiophenes are suitable for use as TFT semiconductor channel layer materials.

[0009] In yet a further feature of the present invention there are provided polythiophenes which are useful as microelectronic components, and which polythiophenes have reasonable solubility of, for example, at least about 0.1 percent by weight in common organic solvents, such as methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, chlorobenzene, and the like, and thus these components can be economically fabricated by solution processes such as spin coating, screen printing, stamp printing, dip coating, solution casting, jet printing, and the like.

[0010] Another feature of the present invention resides in providing electronic devices, such as TFTs with a polythiophene channel layer, and which layer has a conductivity of from about 10⁻⁶ to about 10⁻⁹ S/cm (Siemens/centimeter).

[0011] Also, in yet another feature of the present invention there are provided polythiophenes and devices thereof, and which devices exhibit enhanced resistance to the adverse effects of oxygen, that is, these devices exhibit relatively high current on/off ratios, and their performance does not substantially degrade as rapidly as similar devices fabricated from regioregular polythiophenes such as regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene-3,5-diyl).

[0012] Additionally, in a further feature of the present invention there is provided a class of polythiophenes with unique structural features which are conducive to molecular self-alignment under appropriate processing conditions, and which structural features also enhance the stability of device performance. Proper molecular alignment can permit higher molecular structural order in thin films, which can be important to efficient charge carrier transport, thus higher electrical performance.

[0013] There are disclosed in embodiments polythiophenes and electronic devices thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to polythiophenes illustrated by or encompassed by Formula (I)

[0014] wherein, for example, R is a side chain comprising, for example, alkyl, alkyl derivatives, such as alkoxyalkyl; siloxy-subsituted alkyl, perhaloalkyl, such as a perfluoro, polyether, such as oligoethylene oxide, polysiloxy, and the like; A is a divalent linkage selected, for example, from the group consisting of arylene such as phenylene, biphenylene, phenanthrenylene, dihydrophenanthrenylene, fluorenylene, oligoarylene, methylene, polymethylene, dialkylmethylene, dioxyalkylene, dioxyarylene, oligoethylene oxide, and the like; m is the number of side chains, for example 1 or 2; x and y are the numbers of the R substituted thienylenes and the non-substituted thienylene moieties, respectively; and z is the number of divalent linkages and is usually 0 or 1; the relative positions of the R substituted and non-substituted thienylene moieties, and the divalent linkage; and n represents the number of segments. A in the monomer segment may be different from those presented in Formula (I), that is for example, polythiophenes (I) schematically represented by Formula (II) as semiconductor layers in TFT devices:

[0015] wherein R is a side chain comprised of, for example, alkyl derivatives, such as alkoxyalkyl, siloxy-subsituted alkyl, perhaloalkyl, such as perfluoro, polyether, such as oligoethylene oxide, polysiloxy derivatives, and the like; a is an integer (or number) of from about 0 to about 5; b, c, and d are integers of from about 1 to about 5; and n is the degree of polymerization, and can be from about 5 to over 5,000, and more specifically, from about 10 to about 1,000 wherein the number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of the polythiophenes can be, for example, from about 2,000 to about 100,000, and more specifically, from about 4,000 to about 50,000, and the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) thereof can be from about 4,000 to about 500,000, and more specifically, from about 5,000 to about 100,000 both as measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards. Examples of the side chains for the polythiophenes (I) and (II) include alkyl with, for example, from about 1 to about 25, and more specifically, from about 4 to about 12 carbon atoms (included throughout are numbers within the range, for example 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12), such as butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, isomeric forms thereof, mixtures thereof, and the like; alkoxyalkyl with, for example, from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as for example methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl, methoxyhexyl, methoxyhexyl, methoxyheptyl, and the like, polyether chains, such as polyethylene oxide; perhaloalkyl, such as perfluoroalkyl, polysiloxy chain, such as trialkylsiloxyalkyl derivatives, and the like.

[0016] Specific illustrative polythiophenes examples are wherein n is as illustrated herein.

[0017] The polythiophenes in embodiments are soluble in common coating solvents, for example, in embodiments they possess a solubility of at least about 0.1 percent by weight, and more specifically, from about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight in such solvents as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, chlorobenzene, and the like. Moreover, the polythiophenes of the present invention in embodiments when fabricated as semiconductor channel layers in TFT devices provide a stable conductivity of, for example, from about 10⁻⁹ S/cm to about 10⁻⁶ S/cm, and more specifically, from about 10⁻⁸ S/cm to about 10⁻⁷ S/cm as determined by conventional four-probe conductivity measurements. Further, the polythiophenes (II) include side chains that are regioregularly positioned on the polythiophene backbone, reference Formulas III that follow, and in which four polymer chains of polythiophene (II-e) are schematically represented. The strategically positioned side chains in (II) facilitate proper alignment of side chains which enables formation of higher ordered microstructure domains in thin films. It is believed that these polythiophenes when fabricated from solutions as thin films of, for example, about 10 nanometers to about 500 nanometers form closely stacked lamella structures that are conducive to efficient charge carrier transport. The incorporated unsubstituted thienylene moieties in (II) have some degree of rotational freedom, which helps to disrupt the extended π-conjugation of the polythiophene system to an extent that is sufficient to suppress its propensity towards oxidative doping. Accordingly, these materials are more stable in ambient conditions and the devices fabricated from these polythiophenes are functionally more stable than that of regioregular polythiophenes such as regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl). When unprotected, the aforementioned stable materials and devices are generally stable for a number of weeks rather than days or hours as is the situation with regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl) after exposure to ambient oxygen, thus the devices fabricated from the polythiophenes in embodiments of the present invention can provide higher current on/off ratios, and their performance characteristics do not substantially change as rapidly as that of poly(3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl) when no rigorous procedural precautions have been taken to exclude ambient oxygen during material preparation, device fabrication, and evaluation. The polythiophene stability of the present invention in embodiments against oxidative doping, particularly for low cost device manufacturing, do not usually have to be handled in an inert atmosphere and the processes thereof are, therefore, simpler and more cost effective, and the fabrication thereof can be applied to large scale production processes.

[0018] The preparation of polythiophenes of the present invention can be illustrated with reference to the preparation of polythiophene (IV) from a suitably constructed oligothiophene monomer, such as (IIIa) or (IIIb), according to the general processes depicted in Scheme 1. Polythiophene (IV) is a member of polythiophene (II) wherein a=0, b=d=1. Monomer (IIIa) can readily be obtained from the reaction of 3-R-thienyl-2-magnesiumbromide with 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-dithiophene. Monomer (IIIa) or (IIIb) possess side chains which are strategically placed on the terminal thienylene units so that when polymerized the resultant polythiophene (IV) possesses side chains which are regioregularly positioned on its backbone. Unlike the preparation of regioregular polythiophenes, such as poly(3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl) which require regioregular coupling reaction, the polythiophenes of the present invention can be prepared by general polymerization techniques without regioregularity complications. Specifically, FeCl₃ mediated oxidative coupling of (ma) has been successfully utilized in the preparation of polythiophenes (IV).

[0019] NBS: N-Bromosuccinimide

[0020] Ni(dppe)Cl₂: [1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphinoethane)] dichloronickel (II)

[0021] The polymerization is generally conducted by adding a solution of 1 molar equivalent of (IIIa) in a chlorinated solvent, such as chloroform, to a suspension of about 1 to about 5 molar equivalents of anhydrous FeCl₃ in the same chlorinated solvent. The resultant mixture was permitted to react at a temperature of about 25° C. to about 60° C. under a blanket of dried air or with a slow stream of dried air bubbling through the reaction mixture for a period of about 30 minutes to about 48 hours. After the reaction, the polymer product can be isolated by washing the reaction mixture with water or a dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, stirring with a dilute aqueous ammonium solution for a period of about 15 minutes to one hour, followed by washing with water, precipitation from a nonsolvent, and optionally extracting the polythiophene product via soxhlet extraction with appropriate solvents such as methanol, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, and the like. The polythiophene product thus obtained can be further purified by precipitation from a suitable solvent such as methanol or acetone.

[0022] Aspects of the present invention relate to polythiophenes of the formula

[0023] wherein R is a side chain; m is the number of substituents; A is a divalent linkage; x, y and z represent, respectively, the numbers of R substituted thienylene, unsubstituted thienylene, and divalent linkages A in the monomer segment with z being either 0 or 1; and n represents the number of the repeating monomer segments in the polymer chain or the degree of polymerization; polythiophenes which are represented by

[0024] wherein R is a side chain; a is an integer of from about 0 to about 5; b, c, and d are integers of from about 1 to about 5; and n represents the degree of polymerization of from about 5 to about 5,000; the number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of the polythiophenes is from about 2,000 to about 100,000, and the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) is from about 4,000 to about 500,000, each measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards; polythiophenes of the formulas

[0025] polythiophenes wherein m is 1; polythiophenes wherein R is alkoxyalkyl, siloxy substituted alkyl, a perhaloalkyl, or a polyether; polythiophenes wherein A is an arylene; polythiophenes wherein the arylene possesses from about 6 to about 40 carbon atoms; polythiophenes wherein the arylene is phenylene; polythiophenes wherein the arylene is biphenylene, phenylthrenylene, fluorenylene, polymethylene, dioxyarylene, or 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenylene; polythiophenes wherein m is 1 or 2; polythiophenes wherein x, y, and z represent the number of segments of from 1 to about 5 for x and y, and z is zero (0) or 1; polythiophenes wherein n is from about 5 to about 5,000; the number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of the polythiophene is from about 2,000 to about 100,000; the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) is from about 4,000 to over 500,000, both M_(w) and M_(n) being measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards; polythiophenes wherein R is alkyl containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; wherein n is from about 10 to about 1,000; the M_(n) is from about 4,000 to about 50,000; and the M_(w) is from about 5,000 to about 100,000; polythiophenes wherein the alkyl side chain R contains from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms; polythiophenes wherein the alkyl side chain R is butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, or dodecyl; polythiophenes wherein the side chain R is a perfluoroalkyl of about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms; polythiophenes wherein the side chain R is siloxyalkyl of trimethylsiloxyalkyl or triethylsiloxyalkyl, and wherein alkyl optionally contains from about 4 to about 10 carbons, and which alkyl is butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl; polythiophenes wherein the divalent linkage A is an arylene with from about 6 to about 40 carbon atoms; polythiophenes wherein the divalent linkage A is selected from the group consisting of phenylene, biphenylene, phenanthrenylene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenylene, fluorenylene, methylene, polymethylene, dioxyalkylene, dioxyarylene, and an oligoethylene oxide; polythiophenes wherein the device is a thin film transistor and the polythiophene is represented by

[0026] wherein R is a side chain; a, b, c, and d represent the number of thienylene moieties; and n is the degree of polymerization, such as from about 100 to about 4,000; polythiophenes wherein R is alkyl containing from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; or wherein R is alkyl containing from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms; polythiophenes wherein R is butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, or dodecyl, and the like; polythiophenes wherein b and d are from about 1 to about 5; polythiophenes wherein b and d are from about 1 to about 3; polythiophenes wherein a is from about 0 to about 5, and c is about 1 to about 5, or wherein a is about 0 to about 3, and c is about 1 to about 3; polythiophenes wherein the polythiophene is selected from the group consisting of polythiophenes (II-a) through (II-o)

[0027] a process for the preparation of polythiophenes comprising reacting about 1 molar equivalent of a suitable monomer in an organic solvent with about 1 to about 5 molar equivalents of a ferric chloride at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 80° C., and which polythiophene is of the formula

[0028] a process which comprises reacting about 1 molar equivalent of monomer (IIIb) of the formula and which polythiophene is of the formula

[0029] with a 1.1 molar equivalent of Zn in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, followed by treatment with a catalytic amount of [1,2-bis(diphenyl phosphinoethane)]dichloronickel (II) and subsequent reaction by heating at a temperature of about 30° C. to about 80° C.; a process wherein the R side chain is alkyl, substituted alkyl, or perhaloalkyl; a process wherein alkyl contains from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms or from 4 to about 15 carbon atoms; wherein substituted alkyl is alkoxy alkyl, or siloxy substituted alkyl; and the perfluoro is a polyether; a process wherein the relative positions of R_(m) substituted thienylene, unsubstituted thienylene, and A in the monomer segment are dissimilar than schematically presented in (I); and polythiophenes wherein arylene is phenylene, biphenylene, phenanthrenylene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenylene, fluorenylene, polymethylene, dioxyalkylene, dioxyarylene, and oligoethylene oxide.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0030] In FIG. 1 there is schematically illustrated a TFT configuration 10 comprised of a substrate 16, in contact therewith a metal contact 18 (gate electrode), and a layer of an insulating dielectric layer 14 with the gate electrode having a portion thereof or the entire gate in contact with the dielectric layer 14 with the gate electrode having a portion thereof or the entire gate in contact with the dielectric layer 14 on top of which layer 14 two metal contacts, 20 and 22 (source and drain electrodes), are deposited. Over and between the metal contacts 20 and 22 is the polythiophene semiconductor layer 12. The gate electrode can be included in the substrate, in the dielectric layer, and the like throughout.

[0031]FIG. 2 schematically illustrates another TFT configuration 30 comprised of a substrate 36, a gate electrode 38, a source electrode 40, and a drain electrode 42, an insulating dielectric layer 34, and the polythiophene semiconductor layer 32.

[0032]FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a further TFT configuration 50 comprised of a heavily n-doped silicon wafer 56, which can act as a gate electrode, a thermally grown silicon oxide dielectric layer 54, the polythiophene semiconductor layer 52, on top of which are deposited a source electrode 60 and a drain electrode 62; and a gate electrode contact 64.

[0033]FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a TFT configuration 70 comprised of substrate 76, a gate electrode 78, a source electrode 80, a drain electrode 82, the polythiophene semiconductor layer 72, and an insulating dielectric layer 74.

[0034] In some embodiments of the present invention, an optional protecting layer may be incorporated on top of each of the transistor configurations of FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4. For the TFT configuration of FIG. 4, the insulating dielectric layer 74 may also function as a protecting layer.

[0035] Other device structures, especially TFT devices, can be envisioned based on structures and devices described in the prior art.

[0036] In embodiments and with further reference to the present invention and the Figures, the substrate layer may generally be a silicon material inclusive of various appropriate forms of silicon, a glass plate, a plastic film or a sheet, and the like depending on the intended applications. For structurally flexible devices, a plastic substrate, such as for example polyester, polycarbonate, polyimide sheets, and the like, may be selected. The thickness of the substrate may be, for example, from about 10 micrometers to over 10 millimeters with a specific thickness being from about 50 to about 100 micrometers especially for a flexible plastic substrate and from about 1 to about 10 millimeters for a rigid substrate such as glass or silicon.

[0037] The insulating dielectric layer, which can separate the gate electrode from the source and drain electrodes, and in contact with the semiconductor layer, can generally be an inorganic material film, an organic polymer film, or an organic-inorganic composite film. The thickness of the dielectric layer is, for example, from about 10 nanometers to about 1 micrometer with a more specific thickness being about 100 nanometers to about 500 nanometers. Illustrative examples of inorganic materials suitable as the dielectric layer include silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, barium titanate, barium zirconate titanate, and the like; illustrative examples of organic polymers for the dielectric layer include polyesters, polycarbonates, poly(vinyl phenol), polyimides, polystyrene, poly(methacrylate)s, poly(acrylate)s, epoxy resin, and the like; and illustrative examples of inorganic-organic composite materials include nanosized metal oxide particles dispersed in polymers such as polyester, polyimide, epoxy resin and the like. The insulating dielectric layer is generally of a thickness of from about 50 nanometers to about 500 nanometers depending on the dielectric constant of the dielectric material used. More specifically, the dielectric material has a dielectric constant of, for example, at least about 3, thus a suitable dielectric thickness of about 300 nanometers can provide a desirable capacitance, for example, of about 10⁻⁹ to about 10⁻⁷ F/cm².

[0038] Situated, for example, between and in contact with the dielectric layer and the source/drain electrodes is the active semiconductor layer comprised of the polythiophenes illustrated herein, and wherein the thickness of this layer is generally, for example, about 10 nanometers to about 1 micrometer, or about 40 to about 100 nanometers. This layer can generally be fabricated by solution processes such as spin coating, casting, screen, stamp, or jet printing of a solution of the polythiophenes of the present invention.

[0039] The gate electrode can be a thin metal film, a conducting polymer film, a conducting film generated from a conducting ink or paste, or the substrate itself (for example heavily doped silicon). Examples of gate electrode materials include but are not limited to aluminum, gold, chromium, indium tin oxide, conducting polymers, such as polystyrene sulfonate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PSS/PEDOT), a conducting ink/paste comprised of carbon black/graphite or colloidal silver dispersion contained in a polymer binder, such as ELECTRODAG available from Acheson Colloids Company and silver filled electrically conductive thermoplastic ink available from Noelle Industries, and the like. The gate layer can be prepared by vacuum evaporation, sputtering of metals or conductive metal oxides, coating from conducting polymer solutions or conducting inks or dispersions by spin coating, casting or printing. The thickness of the gate electrode layer is, for example, from about 10 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, and a specific thickness is, for example, from about 10 to about 200 nanometers for metal films and about 1 to about 10 micrometers for polymer conductors.

[0040] The source and drain electrode layer can be fabricated from materials which provide a low resistance ohmic contact to the semiconductor layer. Typical materials suitable for use as source and drain electrodes include those of the gate electrode materials such as gold, nickel, aluminum, platinum, conducting polymers, and conducting inks. Typical thickness of this layer is about, for example, from about 40 nanometers to about 1 micrometer with the more specific thickness being about 100 to about 400 nanometers. The TFT devices contain a semiconductor channel with a width W and length L. The semiconductor channel width may be, for example, from about 10 micrometers to about 5 millimeters, with a specific channel width being about 100 micrometers to about 1 millimeter. The semiconductor channel length may be, for example, from about 1 micrometer to about 1 millimeter with a more specific channel length being from about 5 micrometers to about 100 micrometers.

[0041] The source electrode is grounded and a bias voltage of generally, for example, about 0 volt to about −80 volts is applied to the drain electrode to collect the charge carriers transported across the semiconductor channel when a voltage of generally about +10 volts to about −80 volts is applied to the gate electrode.

[0042] Other known materials not recited herein for the various components of the TFT devices of the present invention can also be selected in embodiments.

[0043] The following Examples are provided.

General Procedure

[0044] a) Device Fabrication:

[0045] There was selected a top-contact thin film transistor configuration as schematically illustrated, for example, in FIG. 3.

[0046] The test device was comprised of an n-doped silicon wafer with a thermally grown silicon oxide layer of a thickness of about 110 nanometers thereon. The wafer functioned as the gate electrode while the silicon oxide layer acted as the gate dielectric and had a capacitance of about 32 nF/cm² (nanofarads/square centimeter). The fabrication of the device was accomplished at ambient conditions without any precautions to exclude the materials and device from exposure to ambient oxygen, moisture, or light.

[0047] The silicon wafer was first cleaned with methanol, air dried, and then immersed in a 0.01 M solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane in dichloromethane for 30 minutes at room temperature, about 23° C. to about 25° C. Subsequently, the wafer was washed with dichloromethane and dried. The test semiconductor polythiophene layer of about 30 nanometers to 100 nanometers in thickness was then deposited on top of the silicon oxide dielectric layer by spin coating at a speed of 1,000 rpm for about 35 seconds, and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 20 hours. The solution used in fabricating the semiconductor layer was comprised of 1 percent by weight of the polythiophene in an appropriate solvent, and was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter before use. Thereafter, the gold source and drain electrodes were deposited on top of the semiconductor polythiophene layer by vacuum deposition through a shadow mask with various channel lengths and widths, thus creating a series of transistors of various dimensions. For consistency, the devices after fabrication were kept in a dry atmosphere of about 30 percent relative humidity in the dark before and after evaluation.

[0048] b) TFT Device Characterization:

[0049] The evaluation of field-effect transistor performance was accomplished in a black box at ambient conditions using a Keithley 4200 SCS semiconductor characterization system. The carrier mobility, μ, was calculated from the data in the saturated regime (gate voltage, V_(G)<source-drain voltage, V_(SD)) according to equation (1)

I _(SD) =C _(i)μ(W/2L) (V _(G) −V _(T))²  (1)

[0050] where I_(SD) is the drain current at the saturated regime, W and L are, respectively, the semiconductor channel width and length, Ci is the capacitance per unit area of the gate dielectric layer, and V_(G) and V_(T) are, respectively, the gate voltage and threshold voltage. V_(T) of the device was determined from the relationship between the square root of I_(SD) at the saturated regime and V_(G) of the device by extrapolating the measured data to I_(SD)=0.

[0051] Another property of field-effect transistor is its current on/off ratio. This is the ratio of the saturation source-drain current when the gate voltage V_(G) is equal to or greater than the drain voltage V_(D) to the source-drain current when the gate voltage V_(G) is zero.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE

[0052] A series of comparative thin film transistors were fabricated with the known regioregular polythiophene, poly(3-hexythiophene-2,5-diyl), which is commonly known as P3HT. This material was purchased from Aldrich Chemical and was purified by three successive precipitations of its solution in chlorobenzene from methanol.

[0053] The devices were fabricated in ambient conditions in accordance with the above procedure. Using transistors with a dimension of W=5,000 μm and L=60 μm, the following average properties from at least five transistors were obtained: Mobility: 1 to 1.2 × 10⁻² cm²/V.sec Initial on-off ratio: 1.5 to 2.1 × 10³ On-off ratio after 5 days: 5 to 10

[0054] The observed low initial current on/off ratios are an indication of the propensity of poly(3-hexythiophene-2,5-diyl) towards oxidative doping, that is the instability of poly(3-hexythiophene-2,5-diyl) in the presence of ambient oxygen. The drastic reductions in the current on/off ratios over just a five-day period further confirm the functional instability of poly(3-hexythiophene-2,5-diyl) in ambient conditions.

EXAMPLE

[0055] (a) Synthesis of Poly[5,5′-bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2′-dithiophene] (IIe)

[0056] The monomer 5,5′-bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2′-dithiophene for the preparation of (IIe) was synthesized as follows:

[0057] A solution of 2-bromo-3-dodecylthiophene (11.5 grams, 34.92 mmol) in 40 milliliters of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) was added slowly over a period of 20 minutes to a mechanically stirred suspension of magnesium turnings (1.26 grams, 51.83 mmol) in 10 milliliters of THF (tetrahydrofuran) in a 100 milliliter round-bottomed flask under an inert argon atmosphere. The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature of about 22° C. to 25° C. for 2 hours, and then at 50° C. for 20 minutes before cooling down to room temperature. The resultant mixture was then added via a cannula to a mixture of 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-dithiophene (4.5 grams, 13.88 mmol) and [1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino]dichloronickel (II) (0.189 gram, 0.35 mmol) in 80 milliliters of anhydrous THF in a 250 milliliter round-bottomed flask under an inert atmosphere, and refluxed for 48 hours. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 milliliters of ethyl acetate, was washed twice with water and with a 5 percent aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. A dark brown syrup, obtained after evaporation of the solvent, was purified by column chromatography on silica gel yielding 5,5′-bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2′-dithiophene as a yellow crystalline product in 55 percent yield, m.p. 58.9° C.

[0058] The NMR spectrum of the above obtained compound was recorded at room temperature using a Bruker DPX 300 NMR spectrometer:

[0059]¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.18 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (t, 4H), 1.65 (q, 1.65, 4H), 1.28 (bs, 36H), 0.88 (m, 6H).

[0060] The polymerization of 5,5′-bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2′-dithiophene was achieved by the FeCl₃-mediated oxidative coupling reaction as follows:

[0061] A solution of 5,5′-bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2′-dithiophene (0.50 gram, 0.75 mmol) in 7 milliliters of chloroform was added slowly over a period of about 10 minutes to a well stirred mixture of FeCl₃(0.40 gram, 2.47 mmol) in 3 milliliters of chloroform in a 50 milliliter round-bottomed flask in a dry atmosphere. The resultant mixture was heated at 50° C. for 1 hour, then 40° C. for 24 hours under a blanket of dry air. After the polymerization, the mixture was diluted with 20 milliliters of toluene and washed three times with water. The separated organic phase was stirred with 200 milliliters of 7.5 percent of an aqueous ammonia solution for half an hour, washed three times with water, and then poured into methanol to precipitate the crude polythiophene product. The latter was purified by soxhlet extraction with methanol, hexane, and chlorobenzene, M_(w) 27,300; M_(n) 16,900 relative to polystyrene standards.

[0062] Thin film transistor devices were fabricated as indicated herein using the following polythiophenes by spin coating a 1 percent by weight solution of a polythiophene in chlorobenzene and drying in vacuo at 80° C. for 20 hours. No precautions were taken to exclude ambient oxygen, moisture or light during device fabrication. Using the transistors with dimension of W=5,000 μm and L=60 μm, the following average properties from at least five separate transistors for each polythiophene are summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1 Polythiophene Reaction/Purification Mobility Initial Current Current On/Off (IIe) M_(w) (M_(n)) Conditions (Cm²/V.Sec) On/Off Ratio Ratio After 5 Days 3,890 (3,880) 25° C. (24 hours); 0.9-2.0 × 10⁻⁴ 1.2 × 10³ — Precipitated from methanol 14,900 (9,000) 40° C. (1 hour), then 25° C. 2.0-3.1 × 10⁻⁴ 2.2-4.7 × 10³ — (48 hours); Extracted with toluene 14,900 (9,000) 40° C. (1 hour), then 25° C. 1.1-3.4 × 10⁻³ 4.5-9.0 × 10⁴ 0.7-1.1 × 10⁴ Device 2 further annealed (48 hours); Extracted with toluene at 135° C. for 10 min 19,000 (11,400) 40° C. (24 hours), then 25° C. 1.9-8.7 × 10⁻³ 5.0-8.5 × 10⁵ 1.0-2.5 × 10⁵ (24 hours); Extracted with methanol, hexane, then chlorobenzene 27,300 (16,900) 50° C. (1 hour), then 40° C. 0.9-2.0 × 10⁻² 1.0-5.1 × 10⁶ 1.9-3.2 × 10⁵ (24 hours); Extracted with methanol, hexane, then chlorobenzene

[0063] Further, the average current on/off ratio for the devices using the invention polythiophene with a M_(w) of 27,300 after 40 days was, for example, about 1.0×10⁵.

[0064] The stability of the polythiophene semiconductor layer of the present invention was demonstrated, for example, by the high initial current on/off ratios and the slow reductions in the current on/off ratios of the devices.

[0065] Other embodiments and modifications of the present invention may occur to those skilled in the art subsequent to a review of the information presented herein; these embodiments and modifications, equivalents thereof, substantial equivalents thereof, or similar equivalents thereof are also included within the scope of this invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Polythiophenes of the formula

wherein R is a side chain; m is the number of substituents; A is a divalent linkage; x, y and z represent, respectively, the numbers of R substituted thienylene, unsubstituted thienylene, and divalent linkages A in the monomer segment with z being either 0 or 1; and n represents the number of the repeating monomer segments in the polymer chain or the degree of polymerization.
 2. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 and which polythiophenes are represented by

wherein R is a side chain; a is an integer of from about 0 to about 5; b, c, and d are integers of from about 1 to about 5; and n represents the degree of polymerization of from about 5 to about 5,000; the number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of the polythiophenes is from about 2,000 to about 100,000, and the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) is from about 4,000 to about 500,000, each measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.
 3. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 and of the formulas


4. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 and of the formulas


5. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein m is
 1. 6. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein R is alkoxyalkyl, siloxy substituted alkyl, a perhaloalkyl, or a polyether.
 7. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein A is an arylene.
 8. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 7 wherein said arylene possesses from about 6 to about 40 carbon atoms.
 9. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 7 wherein said arylene is phenylene.
 10. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 7 wherein said arylene is biphenylene, phenylthrenylene, fluorenylene, polymethylene, dioxyarylene, or 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenylene.
 11. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein m is 1 or
 2. 12. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein x, y, and z represent the number of segments of from 1 to about 5 for x and y, and z is zero (0) or
 1. 13. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein n is from about 5 to about 5,000; the number average molecular weight (M_(n)) Of the polythiophene is from about 2,000 to about 100,000; the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) is from about 4,000 to over 500,000, both M_(w) and M_(n) being measured by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.
 14. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein R is alkyl containing from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; wherein n is from about 10 to about 1,000; the M_(n) is from about 4,000 to about 50,000; and the M_(w) is from about 5,000 to about 100,000.
 15. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein the alkyl side chain R contains from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms.
 16. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein the alkyl side chain R is butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, or dodecyl.
 17. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein the side chain R is a perfluoroalkyl of about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms.
 18. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein the side chain R is siloxyalkyl of trimethylsiloxyalkyl or triethylsiloxyalkyl, and wherein alkyl optionally contains from about 4 to about 10 carbons, and which alkyl is butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl.
 19. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein the divalent linkage A is an arylene with from about 6 to about 40 carbon atoms.
 20. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 19 wherein the divalent linkage A is selected from the group consisting of phenylene, biphenylene, phenanthrenylene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenylene, fluorenylene, methylene, polymethylene, dioxyalkylene, dioxyarylene, and an oligoethylene oxide.
 21. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 and represented by

wherein R is a side chain; a, b, c, and d represent the number of thienylene moieties; and n is the degree of polymerization of from about 100 to about 1,000.
 22. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 21 wherein R is alkyl containing from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; or wherein R is alkyl containing from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms.
 23. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 21 wherein R is butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, or dodecyl.
 24. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 21 wherein b and d are from about 1 to about
 5. 25. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 21 wherein b and d are from about 1 to about
 3. 26. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 21 wherein a is from about 0 to about 5, and c is about 1 to about 5, or wherein a is about 0 to about 3, and c is about 1 to about
 3. 27. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 1 wherein said polythiophene is selected from the group consisting of polythiophenes (II-a) through (II-o), and wherein n is from about 100 to about 4,000


28. A process for the preparation of polythiophenes comprising reacting about 1 molar equivalent of a suitable monomer in an organic solvent with about 1 to about 5 molar equivalents of a ferric chloride at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 80° C., and which polythiophenes are of the formula

wherein a, b, c, and d represent the number of segments; each R is a side chain, and n represents the degree of polymerization or the number of repeating segments.
 29. A process in accordance with claim 28 which comprises reacting about 1 molar equivalent of monomer (IIIb) of the formula and which polythiophene is of the formula

with a 1.1 molar equivalent of Zn in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, followed by treatment with a catalytic amount of [1,2-bis(diphenyl phosphinoethane)] dichloronickel (II) and subsequent reaction by heating at a temperature of about 30° C. to about 80° C.
 30. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein said R side chain is alkyl, substituted alkyl, or perhaloalkyl.
 31. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein alkyl contains from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms or from 4 to about 15 carbon atoms; wherein substituted alkyl is alkoxy alkyl, or siloxy substituted alkyl; and said perfluoro is a polyether.
 32. A process in accordance with claim 28 wherein the relative positions of R_(m) substituted thienylene, unsubstituted thienylene, and A in the monomer segment are dissimilar than schematically presented in (I).
 33. Polythiophenes in accordance with claim 2 wherein arylene is phenylene, biphenylene, phenanthrenylene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenylene, fluorenylene, polymethylene, or dioxyalkylene, dioxyarylene. 